Aspects of comedy present in pages 1-10 of ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ Essay

Numerous aspects of comedy can be found in pages one to ten of ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’. The aspect of servants and masters is one that presents itself immediately in the play, through the relationship that exists between Algernon, the ‘master’, and Lane, the servant. The first thing that is spoken about between these two characters, is Algernon’s piano playing. Upon being asked â€Å"Did you hear what I was playing, Lane?† Lane replies, â€Å"I didn’t think it polite to listen, sir.† This is comic for a couple of reasons. Firstly, it could be interpreted that Lane is, subtly, scolding Algernon for even thinking that a servant would listen to his master playing the piano, which is funny as it should be Algernon doing the scolding, as master. Secondly, Lane could simply be poking fun at the Victorian social system; ridiculing it at the fact that Lane should not even be allowed to listen to Algernon play, which may seem ridiculous to his character, and perhaps the audience also, especially in the present day. Another aspect of comedy presented in the first ten pages of ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ is Bathos. Bathos is when a topic falls from something sublime and important, to something mundane and trivial. This occurs when Algernon is talking to Lane about afternoon tea, â€Å"Speaking of the science of Life, have you got the cucumber sandwiches cut for Lady Bracknell?†. This is comic as ‘cucumber sandwiches’ are , obviously, totally unrelated to ‘the science of Life’, and in normal society would not be considered as neither important nor particularly interesting, something which either Algernon or Lady Bracknell would clearly be inclined to disagree with. This reference to cucumber sandwiches, and there importance, also pokes fun at Victorian high society; the things important in their lives would seem trivial and insignificant to the rest of society, and not at all ‘high’ in importance. Marriage, also, is presented in this scene, once again through Algernon. After Jack informs Algernon that he wishes to propose to Gwendolen, Algernon replies â€Å"I thought you had come up here for pleasure? †¦ I call that business†. Here, Algernon undermines the idea of marriage and proposal,saying that he sees it as business, and later on saying that he finds not at all romantic. Cynicism is applied here, and is used comically by Wilde to, once again, highlight the odd way that things of great importance are treated by Algernon, and perhaps by the rest of the upper-classes too. Town vs. country is another aspect that is presented in this section of the play, this time through Jack, or Ernest. â€Å"When one is in town one amuses oneself, when one is in the country one amuses others. It is excessively boring.†, is what Jack tells Algernon when questioned by him why he was in the country. This line is a poignant one, as it highlights both what people thought about ‘the country’ as opposed to ‘the town’ in Victorian society, and also the double identity of Jack, which is the main recurring theme throughout the rest of the play. It also shows not only the fictitious feelings created by Jack, for his alter ego Ernest, but also perhaps, the true feelings of Jack himself, hinting at why he visits London so often. There are also minor slapstick influences in this part of ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’, for example when Jack ‘puts out his hand to take a sandwich’ and ‘Algernon at once interferes’, however this relies entirely upon how the director interprets the stage directions, and will most likely vary from production to production. Although, slapstick could be used to make this part of the play more comic, for example if Algernon were to very obviously slap Jack’s hand away, and appear offended. These are just a few examples of some of the aspects of comedy that can be found from the first scene of ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’. // o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t=†Ã¢â‚¬ ,o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "studymoose.com"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

Individuality and Community

Collin College English 1302 Individuality!!! No Wait Community!!!! As far back as time can go there has been the issue of individuality and community. To say the actual words together, individuality and community, the words themselves seem to be a paradox. In an earnest attempt to understand what those words mean in conjunction with race, social constructions, passions, and freedom, along with the intention of understanding the white moderate.As an outsider, I have been lead down a road that inevitably will be a dead end. However, this twisted mess of a road has had many pleasant and informative stops, some felt as if I was being invited to the family picnic on the fourth of July. Yet the next turn led me down a private darkened path. The journey has injured the heart, worn out the proverbial fingers, and enlightened me on several occasions. While I understand these issues, the complexity of it all may be explained by pure definition.The term â€Å"Community† in human communit ies, is intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks, and a number of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness. â€Å"Individuality† is the state or quality of being. Example: a person separate from other persons and possessing his or her own needs, goals, and desires. Individualism can be a gift or a curse depending on the context in which it occurs.Because modern society finds it important that people think independently, decide autonomously and take personal initiatives, the concept of individualism has acquired a positive connotation. However, individualism is also linked with the tendency to withdraw from social life and turn in towards oneself. All through history there have been struggles to â€Å"fit in† to be and individual while being part of the inclusive community. Yet to act as an individual, mainstream society will have a person thrown out of a community unless one conf orms to their ways.While in Don Marquis, â€Å"The Lessons of the Moth†, it states that the moth would rather fly straight into the flame even at the cost of his own life for true harmony and happiness verses sitting at a distance and watching. Does this leave the impression that the moth may never find happiness if he doesn’t change to and conform to what the â€Å"Community† wants? To say, one would commit suicide over such painful issues. What a dark dangerous path one must be on to end a life.In Richard Rodriguez’s â€Å"The Chinese in All of Us† He enlightens us all by stating â€Å"to choose or not to choose, and diversity is our strength† left me with the thought that while you have the choice to choose there is always a negative ramification if you choose incorrectly. With the example that in school he is made to speak up and look the teacher in the eye, yet, at home it is seen as disrespect to his father. What choice did he have he was in trouble either way he turned. He was forced to be multicultural, although to an extent he was also forced to hide each side from the other.While there are currently many different opinions about what it is to be an American. The words of our forefathers ring in our heads daily. Children start each school day by saying the pledge of allegiance. â€Å"One Nation under God with Liberty and Justice for All† are these words truthful? Because there has also been talk of the great melting pot of America, what does that really mean? Does it mean that no matter the color of one’s skin or ethnicity that we as Americans are free to make choices to choose whom we want to be? If we choice to be part of the community and be part of the common goal whatever that may be its ok.Whereas if the belief system is not the same as another person’s, this would not be a good fit into this one community. As an individual, one must then search for a new community. America is made u p of many communities and individuals sometimes it would appear that a community shoves an individual out to be the â€Å"Spokes Person† to see how other communities will react, if they react well then arms are open wide in a receptive welcome, as if an exit never happened. However if the words chosen are not receptive to the mainstream community, a person may be ousted or evicted from the community.Begin again, start a new journey. While reading John Hope Franklin’s essay â€Å"Train from Hate† may have started this journey into trying to figure out exactly what community and individuality is all about. Martin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"Letter from the Birmingham Jail† states repetitively that oppression must stop and that all were created equally his intensions are to protest in a nonviolent way, and that he is at his last resort to actually protest. He speaks of self-purification and desegregation all in the name of equality. Placing blame up the â €Å"white moderate†, which asI see to be the leadership of our country. It would be fair to say the moderate of our everyday life has been conformed in some way all for the greater good of community. There is no question that race is a part of the issue as well as stating religion the color of your eyes and your social status play a huge role. Whereas the most prominent sentence off all the stories I have read this past week one in particular has stood out. John Hope Franklins â€Å"Train from Hate† states the words all should live by, â€Å"Under No circumstance should I be upset or distressed because someone sought to demean me†(223).We are in a community of 1000’s of individuals. One could break these up into several categories male/female, black/white, religious or not the list is too long. Only you as an individual can decide what’s best for you either or. Works Cited â€Å"Abjection. † Wikipedia. org. Wikimedia. 20 Jan. 2013. Web. 17 F eb. 2013. â€Å"Community. † Wikipedia. org. Wikimedia. 20 Jan. 2013. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. Franklin, John Hope. â€Å"Train from Hate. † Reading Literature and Writing Argument 5th ed. Eds. Missy James and Alan P. Merickel. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 223-24. Print. â€Å"Individuality. Wikipedia. org. Wikimedia. 20 Jan. 2013. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. King, Martin Luther, Jr. â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail. † Reading Literature and Writing Argument 5th ed. Eds. Missy James and Alan P. Merickel. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 224-35. Print. Marquis, Don. â€Å"The Lesson of the Moth. † Reading Literature and Writing Argument 5th ed. Eds. Missy James and Alan P. Merickel. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 196-97. Print. Rodriguez, Richard. â€Å"The Chinese in All of Us. † Reading Literature and Writing Argument 5th ed. Eds. Missy James and Alan P. Merickel. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 242-48. Print.

The Cost of Success

The Cost of Success In college, students deal with multiple stress factors and finances should not be included. Numerous of students graduate high school each year and only a select decide to further their education. These students should be able to attend college without worry. College helps students choose a career and prepare for life after their graduation. A student stressing over how they're going to pay for their textbooks or what they're going to eat for dinner because a meal plan wasn't affordable shouldn't even be an issue. College can be an overwhelming experience and even more overwhelming for those who need financial needs met.Being an out-of-state student with no type of grants helps me relate to these situations. Students who are able to focus on school and stress less about finances are more likely to strive in their classes and graduate with a higher grade point average. By having costless tuitions, allotting an amount in a food stipend every month, and giving out-of -state students top priority in campus housing can eliminate stress and build a brighter future for the college students of America. Students should be able to graduate high school with the only concern of being admitted to the school of their choice.Worrying about how tuition will be covered is Just adding to the chaos. Many students graduate high school with the hopes of getting in college but know it is financially impossible for their family. Sure, loans may help but once a student graduates and is ready to start their career, every month they have to pay back what the government loaned them to attend college. For the past two years, I have not received any type of grant for school because my parent's retirement is figured into my financial aid award decision. My parents have worked hard for their retirement and they shouldn't have o use this to pay for my schooling.Tuition should be free for all students who are enrolled full time, maintain a 2. 5 GPA or higher, and have a clea n criminal record. This can really eliminate stress not only from the students, but the parents as well. There are many people in the United States that benefit from the government's Food Stamp program. The program gives a person a roll-over monthly stipend according to their income and household dependent amount. For college students, if you do not have a child, you must be working at least 20 hours a week Just to receive any ood stamps.In some states, college students aren't even eligible for food stamps because the government uses their tuition as income, which results in rejection due to the high amount. Every college student that stays on or off campus, does not have a meal plan, enrolled as a full time student, and maintains a 2. 0 GPA or above, should be allotted at least $250 a month in food stamps. For a student who doesn't receive any financial aid, a meal plan can be very costly. Having to work while being a full time student to provide groceries every month is almost rid iculous. This can resolve umerous money issues as well as stress.Campus housing is another college stressor, especially if a student doesn't have enough money to even cover the residential fees. Many students travel miles and miles each year to attend the school of their choice. Is it fair that these out-of-state students have to compete with in- state students tor housing? Searching tor an apartment trom a ditterent state can extremely challenging, when this can simply be resolved by giving out-of-state students priority in campus housing. Being from North Carolina, I considered on campus housing but I was declined due to over capacity.Because of this I had to search for an apartment through the internet; this was extremely challenging. It is understandable that some college campuses may have limited space for all their students; however, out-of-state students should have priority before spaces are occupied. These solutions may seem abstract but they allow students to stay focused on their academics. Finances are stressful for college students and also adults who have already established a career. It is more important to target the younger community because they hold the key to the world's future.Students who are able to e stress free of basic needs and stay driven to complete school will succeed. They will not only succeed, but be the top of their succeeding class. College altogether is overwhelming, so why add more to a college student's plate? Costless tuition, monthly food stipends, and priority housing for out-of-state students are the solutions that will make a drastic difference in the college environment. Imagine how these solutions can help students succeed in the career they actually want to pursue. This entire world could be made over into a place much more promising for rising adults, like myself

Contingent Liabilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contingent Liabilities - Essay Example From this definition, it can be viewed from two aspects. The first aspect of the definition of provisions describe that the provisions are actually the liability. Provisions are directly referred to as the liabilities of the business but not the usual and general liabilities which are recognized in the balance sheet of the business. Provisions are the special type of liability of the business that is described as another head in the capital and liabilities portion of the balance sheet. The other main feature described by the definition of the provisions is that it is a liability of uncertain amount and uncertain timing. It means that the provisions are not certain in terms of their amount and timing but their nature is known to the accountant. It is known that a certain expense of certain type is going to take place in the future but the exact amount and exact time of the expense is not known to the accountant of the business. Therefore, provisions are the best estimates of the expenses that are going to take place in the future. Liability is defined in the International Accounting Standards as the present obligation as a result of past events and the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow of resources. This definition of liabilities also describes the nature and the expected outcome of the liability on the overall business. Hence, a liability is a present obligation which has arisen due to the result of past events and in order to settle that obligation it is probable that the outflow of resources will happen in the near future. Hence the provision is the preparation of the liability whose amount and timing is uncertain but there is surety that the liability will arise at some point in time sooner or later in the future. The concept of provisions provide the accountants with a cushion time to get themselves prepared for the issues that are to rise in the future and therefore, save money for the settlement of future liabilities in the present time. The main point in the provisions is that it is the best estimate of the future amount in present time. IAS 37 recognizes the problem of provisions in accounting and provides a rule to recognize the provision s in the balance sheet. IAS 37 says that the provisions should be recognized by an entity if and only if: a present obligation (legal or constructive) has arisen as a result of a past event (the obligating event), payment is probable ('more likely than not'), and The amount can be estimated reliably. These are the rules which tell the entity when to recognize a provision in the balance sheet. Firstly an obligation has arisen as a result of past events and it is also probable that the payment is to be made for that obligation and the amount of the payment can be reliably measured. These rules are used in many countries of the world to recognize the provisions in the balance sheets of the businesses and are successful in addressing the problem of provision recognition in the balance sheet. Provisions provide the detailed information about liabilities facing the entity. Liabilities like trade creditors etc. provide the information about the liabilities of the business to be paid by the business and the amount and timing of which are certain at present. However, the presence of provisions in the entity's balance sheet prepares those responsible for decision making, to arrange and save the

Samina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Samina - Essay Example A child with a recurrent cough often turns out to have asthma and sometimes it can be difficult for the doctor to make a diagnosis of asthma straight away. Measuring the Peak Flow Rate (a simple breathing test) with a simple meter at home is often very useful in making the diagnosis and monitoring treatment. (Asthma) In patients with asthma there is chronic inflammation in the bronchi (air passages). This makes their walls swell up so that they become narrower and muscles around the air passages become irritated so that they contract, causing sudden worsening of symptoms. The inflammation can also make mucus glands produce excessive sputum which further blocks up air passages which are already narrowed. If the inflammation is not controlled with treatment, as well as causing acute attacks, it can lead to permanent narrowing and scarring of the air passages so that eventually asthma drugs won't relieve the symptoms any more. This process is known as airway remodeling. (Asthma) Most asthma patients are diagnosed and treated by their GP. Most GPs have asthma clinics where the practice nurse will look after patients with asthma. Most asthma patients can expect to live normal lives and have a normal life expectancy. However, deaths and disability can still occur in patients with asthma and this is usually due to a failure to take preventive treatments properly and regularly. The case ofThe case of Sameena, represents highly allergic sensitivity leading to respiratory as well as skin related problems. Her asthma condition is not well managed at home, and reluctance to abide by the preventive measures in maintaining allergy free home environment, controlling allergic exposure and proper peak flow meter use, has led to conditions where her visits to clinic has increased indicating more dependence on the use of inhalers. There is no cure for asthma at present but modern drugs can control the inflammation to stop it causing symptoms and leading to disability in the future from airway remodeling. The best medicine available at present to control inflammation (and the most important treatment for the vast majority of patients), is a steroid inhaler. It is very important to understand that these medicines need to be used regularly because they are preventers i.e. medicines which protect patients from asthma. Reliever inhalers (e.g. salbutamol) only temporarily relieve the spasm in the airway muscles. This helps to relieve symptoms but does not control the underlying inflammation. Many patients are tempted to rely on their reliever medicine alone. If you have been prescribed a preventer medicine it is very important to use it regularly even when you feel well. (Asthma) The first British guidelines on asthma and management in adults were produced as a result of a joint initiative between the British Thoracic Society (BTS), The Royal College of Physicians of London, the King's Fund Centre and the National Asthma Campaign in 1990. The emphasis of the guideline is on effective administration of the medication, especially inhaled steroid which should be used in milder cases than previously recommended. The guideline reiterates that inhaled steroids are the first choice preventive drug and that a long-acting beta-2 agonist should not be used without concomitant inhaled corticoid steroids (The 2003 recommendation that there should be a trial of other treatments before increasing the inhaled steroid dose above 800mg per day in adult and 400 mg per

Domestic violence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Domestic violence - Case Study Example Common assault has been made an "arrestable offence1", in the sense that the police can arrest a suspect at the scene of the assault without possessing a warrant. This is in variance to the previous practice where the police had to leave the suspected assailant with his victim. Common assault is now an alternative verdict in the Crown Court. There are a range of criminal offences, including sexual and physical assault, harassment and criminal damage, which can be used in cases of domestic violence. However, most offences2 do not take into account the cumulative pattern of violent behaviour, some of which may not constitute a criminal offence. There remains a significant problem with consistent implementation however and the judiciary still fails to treat crimes of domestic violence seriously3. The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Bill received Royal Assent in November 2004 to become the Domestic Violence Crime and Victims Act 2004. Domestic violence occurs when a family member or a partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate or harm the other. Domestic violence has many forms, including physical violence, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, intimidation, economic deprivation or threats of violence. Domestic violence includes physical violence, which consists of direct physical violence, ranging from unwanted physical contact to rape and murder; and indirect physical violence, including destruction of objects; throwing objects near the victim. It also, consists of mental or emotional violence; verbal violence, including threats, insults, put-downs, attacks, and nonverbal threats, including gestures, facial expressions, body postures, economic and social abuse, controlling victim's money and other economic resources. Moreover, it could also comprise of preventing the victim from seeing friends and relatives, actively sabotaging victim's social relationships and isolating victim from social contacts, spiritual abuse. Colleen is married to Wayne, a violent and abusive man. After the birth of their baby, Sven, Wayne put a lot of pressure on Colleen to lose weight, which she did. However, she became anorexic due to this. In this case, the husband Wayne is characterised as a violent in nature and abusive man. Subsequent, to the birth of Sven, Wayne pressurized Colleen to lose weight for which she had to follow the diet restrictions etc, and because of these, she became anorexic. A pattern of behaviour characterised by the misuse of power and control by one person over another who are or have been in an intimate relationship is termed as domestic violence. It can occur in mixed gender relationships and same gender relationships and has profound consequences for the lives of children, individuals, families and communities. It may be physical, sexual, emotional or psychological. The latter may include intimidation and harassment. Thus, the attitude of Wayne comes under controlling behaviour, which prevents someone by force from acting freely. This can include keeping them from seeing relatives and friends and so on. The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 introduced

Direct-to-Customer Drug Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Direct-to-Customer Drug Advertising - Essay Example But United States of America allows direct-to-customer drug advertisement and some people appreciate this policy. In this paper categorical imperative will be used to solve this dilemma of drug advertisement. We will argue through Kant’s deontological approach that drug advertisement directed to the end users is not ethical. Why Direct-to-Customer Drug Advertising is unethical? Deontological ethics emphasize on the moral duties of a person irrespective of the consequences of an action (Stanford Encyclopedia, 1). An act, therefore, is ethical or good only if it is morally right. An act cannot be ethically justified only by the consequences it follows because wrong actions (like lying) can sometimes lead to good consequences. Therefore deontologists argue that rules or duties make an action ethical, and not the consequences of those actions. Drug advertisement is not morally right because it violates the moral rule that one should act in a way in which one wants to be treated. D rug advertisement is not something desirable for a person who has limited knowledge of medical sciences. I am simply arguing against customer directed drug advertisement because I would not want to expose myself to such advertisement that can harm my health. Drug advertisement will only have limited information and they will entice a person to take self medication. The moral principle that should guide our behavior tells us that drug advertisement should be banned irrespective of the good and bad consequences it has to offer. Categorical imperative is a moral philosophy given by Immanuel Kant. Categorical imperative calls for behaving in a manner that would one be willing to make a general universal principle (Kant, 30). A person, according to Kant, should act according to his or her moral duties and should not take into account the possible consequences of an action. Ethical actions should be based on moral principles rather than ‘good’ consequences. Direct-to-customer drug advertisement is similar to lying in many ways. No one would like to be on the receiving end of lying therefore it can be termed as an unethical behavior. In advertisement no company can tell everything about a drug therefore there will be chances of misunderstanding. Most of the people are not familiar with the medical terms therefore they may perceive it differently. It will be similar to concealing and therefore cannot be termed as an ethical behavior. No matter what are the consequences of drug advertisement to consum ers, the act itself is not moral therefore it cannot be allowed. It is also important to understand that drug marketing can hurt children considerably. The main principle of categorical imperative calls for acting in a way so as you, by will, allow that act to become universally applicable. No one would like their children to see drug advertisements at homes therefore it is not justified morally to legalize customer directed drug marketing. There are also people who argue that it is in the best interest of the society that customer directed drug advertisements should be allowed all over the world. Their arguments stem from the sheer need of the ordinary people who are not able to go to doctors. It will allow them to treat themselves in a better way and avoid high costs of doctors. The argument is of utilitarianist nature that argues maximum good for the majority of population (Bentham, Chapter 1). This argument does not strengthen the case of customer directed

Porter and National Competitive Advantage Essay

Porter and National Competitive Advantage - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Porter’s National Competitive Advantage theory gives a complicated tool for evaluating competitiveness with every implication. Porter’s theory provides to recognizing the â€Å"competitive advantage of nations† in global production and trade. Its core, on the other hand, concentrates upon individual firms, in which the values of competitive advantage are involved. The concept of competitive strategy and competitiveness comes from the business. Industries compete for resources and markets, measure competitiveness by examination of comparative market shares, growth or innovation and utilize competitiveness policy to progress their market performance. Porter thought the competitiveness of a country depends on four major determinants, they are factor conditions, demand conditions, supporting industries and â€Å"firm strategy, structure, and rivalry†. Although these four determinants affect the continued existence with a competitive advantage in an entire nation, their character states that they are further exact of a particular industry rather than typical of a country. The reason for that in the theory of Porter is that the essential unit of analysis for understanding rivalry is the industry. Factor conditions being the input that affects rivalry in any firm include several broad categories. That includes Human resources, Physical resources, Knowledge resources, Capital resources and Infrastructure resources. Whereas examining these factors as a precondition for building competitive advantage, it is comparatively insignificant to highlight just their involvement in a specific industry. What decides their effect on competitiveness is the quantity of effectiveness and efficiency of the method they are organizing within an industry.

Workplace Health, Safety & Welfare Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Workplace Health, Safety & Welfare - Coursework Example The suitability of things to everyone is ensured by these regulations. This involves making parts of the workplace such as passageways, lavatories, stairs, particular doors, showers, and workstations accessible to those with disabilities. The major focus of workplace health, safety and welfare are on concerns such as the improvement of the work and its environment for conduciveness in relation to health and safety, the promotion ad maintenance of the health of workers and their capacity to work, and the development of cultures of work, working organizations in a direction supporting safety and health in the workplace as well as promoting an optimistic smooth operation and social climate which may eventually enhance their undertakings in terms of productivity. The working culture concept here means the reflection of an essential system of value that is adopted by the concerned undertaking. The mentioned culture if reflected in practice of the personnel policy, managerial system, train ing policies, principles of participation, and the quality management of the employee undertaking. Generally, the primary reasons why employers have no choice but to adopt the workplace safety, health and welfare regulations include: moral reasons like the unacceptability of placing the safety and health of people at risk, reasonable care duty owed to people, the attitude of society to the moral obligations, and making cases of morals to the senior management; legal reasons which may result into compensatory as a result of law effects, punitive, prevention of the effects of the law; and the economic reasons including both the indirect and direct costs that are associated with the safety... The paper describes the importance of all areas of work. The general guidance on workplace safety is applicable on particular subjects such as temperature, ventilation, cleanliness, lighting, workstations and seating, room dimensions, falling objects, floor conditions, translucent and transparent doors, windows, gates and walls, ventilators, escalators, skylights, washing facilities, and sanitary conveniences among other matters. The requirements under the regulations demand that the employers perform a general duty of ensuring that the health, safety and welfare of the employees at workplace are taken care of appropriately. Even people who control the non domestic premises carry a duty to people who use those premises even if they are not their employees. The health and safety regulations ensure all employers carry on their duties to protect the safety, health and welfare of everyone within and around the workplace as well as the provision of sufficient welfare facilities to the peo ple in the workplace. The set regulations see to it that all places of work meet the safety, health and welfare requirements of all the employees as well as those with disabilities. The suitability of things to everyone is ensured by these regulations. This involves making parts of the workplace such as passageways, lavatories, stairs, particular doors, showers, and workstations accessible to those with disabilities. The employers should perform various plans of action that ensure the principles of workplace safety, health and welfare are implemented.

Title IX Essay Example for Free

Title IX Essay Introduction Title IX, the first comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination in educational institutions on the basis of gender was passed in 1972. It was modeled after the Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. It states that, â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded   from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance† http://www.american.edu/sadker/titleix.htm Before its enactment, American colleges and universities were accused of discriminating against female students. Women were discouraged from pursuing higher level course work, especially mathematics and the sciences. This was done by setting rules that automatically benefited men and ruled out women. As a result, admission opportunities for women were low. This necessitated the drafting and passing of the Title IX to stem these tendencies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Application   It was a law designed to protect students and employees of educational institutions against discrimination based on their sex. Under this law, education institutions are required to observe policies, practices and programs that do not discriminate. This means that in any educational institution, males and females are expected to receive fair and equal treatment in all spheres of public schooling, recruitment, admissions and educational programs and activities. In addition, fairness should be observed in the courses being offered, counseling, financial aid towards these activities, employment assistance, housing health and insurance benefits. Furthermore, other areas like marital and parental status, scholarships, sexual harassment and athletics should be equally considered for both sexes. http://www.american.edu/sadker/titleix.htm The law applies to students, faculty and staff in federally funded education programs, th the elementary, secondary, college and university levels. It also covers affiliated programs and activities that receive federal funds like internships, correctional facilities, health care entities, unions and businesses. To be compliant to the law, you need to observe at least one of these things; demonstrate proportionate athletic opportunities for both sexes, have a history and continuing practice of expanding opportunities for under-represented sex, or full and effective accommodation of interests and abilities for the underrepresented sex. Another facet of the law requires that the total amount of athletic aid must be substantially proportionate to the number of male and female athletes. . http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/aboutRE.html Further on, other programs should be taken into consideration; including equipment and supplies, scheduling of games and practice time, travel and per diem allowances, opportunity to receive academic tutoring and in addition receiving coaching, assignment and compensation. This is not all; Title IX requires that the institution provide quality locker room, practice and competitive facilities, medical and training facilities, housing and dining facilities, publicity, support services and equal opportunities for recruitment of student athletes. http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/aboutRE.html   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Gains and Losses Title IX has had both negative and positive effects depending on how it has been enforced. The benefits include the increase of opportunities for female students in both academic and extra-curricula activities. An example is where, in 1972, 44% of bachelors degrees were earned by women, whereas in 2000 they increased by 57%. About Title IX, Retrieved on 17th Dec, 2007, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/aboutRE.html In another instance, the number of girls’ athletics team has shown a marked increase from 1981 to 1999, with a 66% increase. However, in spite of these gains, Title IX has come under criticism for various reasons: According to Jessica Gavora, the law has had negative effects on the men’s sporting teams. She argues that following the Cohen versus Brown ruling in 1995, Title IX has been interpreted to guarantee that schools have the same proportion of male and female athletes, as well as representation in the students’ body. As a result, many schools have had to cancel some men’s programme in order introduce new women’s programme so as to fulfill the law’s requirements.(Gavora, 2002) She gets support from other quarters that claim that the law actually discriminates against males, with girls’ teams prospering at the expense of the boys teams. To most of them, Title IX equates to women’s sports. According to the Independent Women’s Forum, between 1992 and 1993, 42 wrestling teams, 53 golf programs, 16 baseball teams, 23 swimming programs and 39 tennis squadrons were cancelled in order to meet Title IX requirements. It is claimed that while this is going on, the coaches have the difficult job of going around scouting for female athletes, and have had to give the scholarships to just anyone, as long as it a female.   (Gavora, 2002) However, the proponents counter that the reduction in male teams is a product of other factors, and not Title IX. According to Amanda, the reduction in men’s teams is a result of declining interest, liability considerations by the colleges, financial constraints and choices about budget allocation among the sports teams that the school would wish to sponsor, rather than considerations of Title IX. (Amanda, 2004) In a court ruling in the Cohen versus University of Chicago the court stated that the call for relative interest tests, in which funds would be allocated according to the interest in sports among the sexes, could not withstand legal or policy scrutiny, because it disadvantages women and undermines the purposes of Title IX. Furthermore, the perceived lack of interest on the side of the women is actually a manifestation of women’s historical lack of opportunities, and not lack of interest. (Amanda, 2004) Another area of contention has been the Standardized tests. Here, the Federal Courts and Office of Civil Rights used the law to modify standardized tests so as to include writing section and double the weight of the verbal section in order to cater for the females who take the test. (Epstein, M, 2003) Title IX has also had some negative consequences in the social life at the institutions. Here, many instances of witch hunting have been taking place, with claims of sexual harassment and date rapes. In some cases, although the offence has been committed an individual, blanket accusations follow, whereby the whole institution is designated a Hostile environment, and can be sued for sexual discrimination. According to Gavora, the most extreme case is where a six year-old boy was suspended for kissing another student on the cheek. (Gavora, 2002) In another case, the National Women’s Law Centre filed a suit which claims that the New York City school board discriminates against female because the engineering classes are male dominated. (Epstein, M, 2003) On June 27, 2002, Rod Paige, the United States Secretary of Education set up a commission called the Secretary’s Commission on Opportunities in Athletics. In the findings, the general feeling among the people was that the law had good intentions but i but wrong enforcement. College administrators have complained that the United States Department has failed to provide clear guidance on the how post secondary institutions can comply with Title IX Standards and policy interpretations, as a result, the institutions have been left to their own devices on how to enforce it. There is also a feeling of failure on the part of the Department Office for Civil Rights to enforce the law. The way in which the department enforces the law also leads to undue elimination of men’s teams. (Secretary of Education Commission on Opportunity in Athletics, 2003)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusion It is apparent that the current controversies about Title IX are not going to end soon, depending on which side one looks at it from. Many women than men seem to support the law. For the opponents, it is feared that in future, more problems are going to emerge in other circles of school life, like drama, dance and mathematics. People are going to use their own interpretation of the law to suit their own ends, which are not the original intentions of the law. But for the proponents, this is an opportunity to give girls the opportunity they have been historically denied. However from the discussion, it is imperative to review the law to get rid of its vague language, to make it more acceptable and objective.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  References About Title IX, Retrieved on 17th Dec, 2007, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/aboutRE.html Amanda, H. (2004) Counter point: Title IX , â€Å"A Healthy Start, Still a Long Way to go† The Docket. Retrived on 17TH Dec. 2007, from www.docketonline.com Epstein, M (2003) Title IX, Retrieved, on 17th Dec.2007 from LewRockwell.com Gavora J. (2002) Tilting the Playing Field: Schools, Sports, Sex and Title IX http://www.american.edu/sadker/titleix.htm Kathryn J.L (2002), Spoiled Sports. Tilting the Playing Field: Schools, Sports, Sex, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Title IX book review, Retrived on 17th Dec. 2007 from BNET.com United States Department of Education, (2003)† Open to all† Title at Thirty:   Secretary of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Education Commission on Opportunity in Athletics

Approaches to Data Cleaning

Approaches to Data Cleaning Data Cleaning approaches: generally, data cleaning contains several steps Data Analysis: A detailed analysis is required to check what type of inconsistencies and errors are to be resolved. An analysis program should be used along with manual analysis of data to identify data quality problems and to extract metadata. Characterization of mapping rules and transformation workflow: We might have to execute a great amount of data cleaning and transformation steps depending upon the degree of dirtiness of data, the amount of data sources and their level of heterogeneity. In some cases schema transformation is required to map sources to a common data model for data warehouse, usually relational model is utilized. Initial data cleaning phases organize data for integration and fix single –source instant complications. Further phases deal with data/schema integration and resolving multi-source glitches, e.g., redundancies. Workflow that states the ETL processes should specify the control and data flow of the cleaning steps for data warehouse. The schema associated data conversions and the cleaning steps should be quantified by a declarative query and mapping language to the extent possible, to allow auto generation of the conversion program. Along with it there should be a possibility to call user written program and special tools during the process of data transformation and cleaning process. A user opinion is required for data transformation for whom there is no built in cleaning logic. Verification: The accuracy and efficiency of a conversion process and transformation designs should be verified and assessed on a sample data to improve the definitions. Repetition of the verification, design and analysis phases may be required because some faults may appear after performing some conversions. Transformation: Implementation of the transformation phase either by running the ETL process for refreshing and loading a data warehouse or during returning queries from heterogeneous sources. Reverse flow of transformed data: once the single source problems are resolved the transformed data should be overwritten in the base source so that we can provide legacy programs cleaned data and to escape repeating of the transformation process for future data withdrawals. For the data warehousing, the cleaned data is presented from the data staging area. The transformation phase requires a huge volume of metadata, such as, workflow definitions, transformation mappings, instance-level data characteristics, schemas etc. For reliability, tractability and reusability, this metadata should be kept in a DBMS-based repository. For example the consequent table Customers holds the columns C_ID and C_no, permitting anyone to track the base records. In the next sections we have elaborated in more detail probable methodologies for data examination, conversion definition and conflict determination. Along with it there should be a possibility to call user written program and special tools during the process of data transformation and cleaning process. A user opinion is required for data transformation for whom there is no built in cleaning logic. The accuracy and efficiency of a conversion process and transformation designs should be verified and assessed on a samp le data to improve the definitions. Repetition of the verification, design and analysis phases may be required because some faults may appear after performing some conversions. Transformation: Implementation of the transformation phase either by running the ETL process for refreshing and loading a data warehouse or during returning queries from heterogeneous sources. Reverse flow of transformed data: once the single source problems are resolved the transformed data should be overwritten in the base source so that we can provide legacy programs cleaned data and to escape repeating of the transformation process for future data withdrawals. For the data warehousing, the cleaned data is presented from the data staging area. The transformation phase requires a huge volume of metadata, such as, workflow definitions, transformation mappings, instance-level data characteristics, schemas etc. For reliability, tractability and reusability, this metadata should be kept in a DBMS-based reposito ry. To maintain data excellence, thorough data about the transformation phase is to be stored, both in the in the transformed occurrences and repository , in precise information about the extensiveness and brilliance of source data and extraction information about the source of transformed entities and the transformation applied on them. For example the consequent table Customers holds the columns C_ID and C_no, permitting anyone to track the base records. In the next sections we have elaborated in more detail probable methodologies for data examination, conversion definition and conflict determination. DATA ANALYSIS Metadata mirrored in schemas is usually inadequate to evaluate the data integrity of a source, particularly if only a small number of integrity constraints are imposed. It is therefore necessary to examine the original instances to get actual metadata on infrequent value patterns or data features. This metadata assists searching data quality faults. Furthermore, it can efficiently subsidize to recognize attribute correspondences among base schemas (schema matching), based on which automatic data conversions can be developed. There are two associated methods for data analysis, data mining and data profiling. Data mining assists in determining particular data forms in huge data sets, e.g., relationships among numerous attributes. The focus of descriptive data mining includes sequence detection, association detection, summarization and clustering. Integrity constraints between attributes like user defined business rules and functional dependencies can be identified, which could be utilized to fill empty fields, resolve illegitimate data and to detect redundant archives throughout data sources e.g. a relationship rule with great certainty can suggest data quality troubles in entities breaching this rule. So a certainty of 99% for rule â€Å"tota_price=total_quantity*price_per_unit† suggests that 1% of the archives do not fulfill requirement and might require closer inspection. Data profiling concentrates on the instance investigation of single property. It provides information like discrete values, value range, length, data type and their uniqueness, variance, frequency, occurrence of null values, typical string pattern (e.g., for address), etc., specifying an precise sight of numerous quality features of the attribute. Table3. Examples for the use of reengineered metadata to address data quality problems Defining data transformations The data conversion phase usually comprises of numerous steps where every step may perform schema and instance associated conversions (mappings). To allow a data conversion and cleaning process to produce transformation instructions and therefore decrease the volume of manual programming it is compulsory to state the mandatory conversions in a suitable language, e.g., assisted by a graphical user interface. Many ETL tools support this functionality by assisting proprietary instruction languages. A more common and stretchy method is the use of the SQL standard query language to accomplish the data transformations and use the chance of application specific language extensions, in certain user defined functions (UDFs) are supported in SQL:99 . UDFs can be executed in SQL or any programming language with implanted SQL statements. They permit applying a extensive variety of data conversions and support easy use for diverse conversion and query processing tasks. Additionally, their impleme ntation by the DBMS can decrease data access cost and thus increase performance. Finally, UDFs are part of the SQL:99 standard and should (ultimately) be movable across many stages and DBMSs. The conversion states a view on which additional mappings can be carried out. The transformation implements a schema rearrangement with added attributes in the view achieved by dividing the address and name attributes of the source. The mandatory data extractions are achieved by User defined functions. The U.D.F executions can encompass cleaning logic, e.g., to eliminate spelling mistakes in city or deliver misplaced names. U.D.F might apply a significant implementation energy and do not assist all essential schema conversions. In specific, common and often required methods such as attribute dividing or uniting are not generally assisted but often needed to be re-applied in application particular differences. More difficult schema rearrangements (e.g., unfolding and folding of attributes) are not reinforced at all. Conflict Resolution: A number of conversion phases have to be identified and performed to solve the numerous schema and instance level data quality glitches that are mirrored in the data sources. Numerous types of alterations are to be executed on the discrete data sources to deal with single-source errors and to formulate for integration with other sources. Along with possible schema translation, these preliminary steps usually comprises of following steps: Getting data from free form attributes: Free form attributes mostly take numerous discrete values that should be obtained to attain a detailed picture and assist additional transformation steps such as looking for matching instance and redundant elimination. Common examples are address and name fields. Essential transformations in this phase are reorganization of data inside a field to comply with word reversals, and data extraction for attribute piercing. Authentication and alteration: This step investigates every source instance for data-entry mistakes and attempts to resolve them automatically as much as possible. Spell-checking built on dictionary searching is beneficial for finding and adjusting spelling mistakes. Additionally, dictionaries on zip codes and geographical names assist to fix address data. Attribute reliance (total price – unit price / quantity, birth date-age, city – zip area code,†¦) can be used to identify mistakes and fill missing data or resolve incorrect values. Standardization: To assist instance integration and matching, attribute data should be changed to a reliable and identical form. For example, time and date records should be transformed into a defined form; names and other string values should be changed to lower case or upper case, etc. Text data might be summarized and combined by stop words, suffixes, executing stemming and removing prefixes. Additionally, encoding structures and abbreviations should continuously be fixed by referring distinctive synonym dictionaries or implementing predefined transformation rules.

Understanding The Theory Acts Of Social Work Social Work Essay

Understanding The Theory Acts Of Social Work Social Work Essay Children and young people vary enormously in their responses to the same experiences and those who suffer adversity either develop coping strategies to get through it and emerge relatively unscathed whilst others do not, in other words they sink or swim. This essay puts forward bodies of research and theories of resilience that influence thinking in social work and look at the way in which those theories inform contemporary social work to promote resilience in children and young people. It will also examine some of the ways in which issues arise which could hinder these approaches. Frost and Hoggett (2008) say the psychological and the social elements of the childs world cannot be understood as two parallel paradigms that influence and impact development. Holloway and Jefferson elaborate cited in Frost and Hoggett (2008), Subjects whose inner worlds cannot be understood without knowledge of their experiences in the world, and whose experiences of the world cannot be understood without knowledge of the way in which their inner worlds allow them to experience the outer world. It is evident that it is through a childs psycho-social experience that they learn to make sense of the world and their place within it. Rutter (1999) informs us that for a child to be determined resilient they must have encountered an experience with the risk of psychopathology for example those who have been living with domestic violence. There is no one universally accepted definition of resilience however Masten et al (1990) define resilience in generalised terms, as the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances. However an International Resilience Project, set up to study how different cultures and countries promoted resilience, adopted the following definition of resilience: Resilience is a universal capacity which allows a person, group or community to prevent, minimize or overcome the damaging effects of adversity (Grotberg 1997, p 19). Masten and Coatsworth (1998) identified the characteristics of resilient children as good intellectual functioning, appealing, sociable, easygoing disposition, self efficacy, self- confidence, high self-esteem, talent and faith; with a close relationship to a caring parent figure and extended family network support and socio-economically advantaged. These definitions provide useful starting points for the purposes of this essay. Contemporary society has been described by Beck(1992) as a risk society and early research concentrated on how children and young people responded to risk and became casualties of adversity. Ferguson (1997) points out that following the work of Foucault and the concept of governmentality post modernist critics argue that the traditional role of social work has suffered from family case workers seeking out and working with dangerous families and children at high risk. A study of children at risk was undertaken by Garmezy and Rutter (1983). The study of 200 children from USA appears to conclude that despite the high risk environments in which they grew up some children appear to have self righting tendencies which allow them to develop into well adjusted young adults. It would seem that everyone has the capacity to be resilient at some times and in some circumstances depending on their mental state and level and duration of the stress in the given event. In order to recognise resilience it is important to understand the factors that lead children and young people to succumb to adversity and to realise that resilience and vulnerability are at opposite ends of a continuum reflecting susceptibility to adverse consequences (Anthony 1987). The response to adversity and stress can be affected by one or more variables from psychological and/or social aspects. Freud (1910) developed a psychoanalytical theory in which the unconscious is seen as a central concept on which all other aspects of mental functioning are based. The focus of his research was mainly on the individuals personality. Social workers have to be aware that unconscious processes may conceal or distort memories or even produce responses disproportionate to the situation, giving hints of underlying issues. Erikson (1959) differs from Freud in that he described eight stages of psychosocial development. In these stages he suggests that we encounter expectable crises which create conflict within ourselves and with significant others in everyday life. Personality and behaviour are influenced by the way in which these crises are dealt with. The people who manage to move through Freud and Eriksons stages of development are more likely to become resilient people. John Bowlby(1969) was a psychologist, doctor and psychoanalyst ,who specialised in working with children. He believed that attachment behaviour is a biologically originated response to anxiety and stress stimulated by physical needs such as pain or hunger, separation from or rejection by the primary caregiver or external threats such as a loud noise. He believed this response arises from the infants desire to seek security and protection through proximity to a caregiver. Aldgate(2007) surmises that an attachment relationship is part of a wider affectional relationship: that one person sees the other as stronger and wiser and someone to turn to when he or she is afraid. Through combined nature and nurture individuals begin to establish relationships and understand and begin to manage emotions. By making sense of the caregivers both psychologically and socially, (if they respond in times of need) the infant begins to see them as a dependable and reliable. Such mental models help indivi duals organise their expectations about other peoples availability and responsiveness (Howe 1996). When the caregiver does not respond in the way the infant expects they experience anxiety and this can lead to insecure attachments. Bowlbys work was later built on by Ainsworth et al (1978) who through the Strange Situation study revealed profound effects of attachment on behaviour and went on to describe patterns of attachment (secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganised added later on). Trevithick (2009) confirms that over the years the work of Bowlby and others has been important within social work making links between childrens behaviour and the quality of their relationships with their parent(s) and other attachment figures. Furthermore Howe (2009) confirms that attachment theory is also playing a major role in the resurgence of relationship based social work. It is therefore of great relevance to social workers to know how parenting styles,culture, family life and the social environments have affected the childs psychosocial development. The notion of a secure base is of vital importance for children and young people. In a useful analogy Gilligan (2001) uses a tree putting down roots to elaborate on the idea of a secure base. It is through continuity, quality and consistency of relationships that a child may find their secure base. Relatives, friendship groups, a teacher or even a social worker may provide a secure base in an otherwise complex and chaotic world. If the child is looked after (a child who enters the care system either informally or legally) they may need to learn to develop new relationships and have the opportunity to develop a secure base. It is not always psychological processes that shape resilience, sometimes a particular episode or situation may occur that may be problematic and have far reaching consequences. Giddens (1991) described these episodes as fateful moments, saying that these are times when events come together in such a way that an individual stands, as it were, at a crossroads in his existence; or where a person learns of information with fateful consequences. A fateful moment will have implications for the individual which may threaten their ontological security. Fateful moments however do not always result in adversity they can signal a change for the better, a potentially empowering experience, however it is the risk that things may go awry that poses the challenge. Within this context it is important that social workers assess the extent to which they make sense of society and peoples experience. Similar to fateful moments, life events, ongoing adversities, personal stress, interpersonal problems or familial situations, can affect levels of stress or anxiety. Rutter (2000) used the example of a divorce in the family as a staged process of a life event, rather than a one off event. The divorce may be preceded by a long period of unhappiness, followed by the divorce itself and the uncertainties that accompany it such as the knowledge and burden of financial worries, possible loss of a parent, introduction of new family members, housing worries etc. Social workers working with Giddensian ideas, (that multiple choices are available to all through abstract systems) are able to help vulnerable children and young people who are on a developmental pathway to make positive choices about the direction their lives will take in their life planning. However, those who criticise Giddens say that he is too optimistic in his view of the positive capacity of individuals to understand their li ves and always know why they act as they do (Ferguson 2009). There are families who work with social workers who may not have the ability to analyse their lives in this way, and social workers should be mindful of this in their work with people. The negative impacts of poverty, lack of social and cultural capital and impact of marital discord can cause children, young people and families to be characterised as at risk according to Hoffman (2010). Poverty can have serious and possibly grave consequences for families. Nonetheless, it is important to recognise that not all poor families, or even most poor families experience these deleterious outcomes. Many impoverished families beat the odds and have stable, loving relationships ( Seccombe, 2002) Skeggs (2001) in her study with young women revealed that they were continually making comparisons between themselves and others and were sure of what they did not want to be but were less sure of what they wanted to be, thus illustrating how the constraints of class and gender are some of the structures that inhibit who we can be and how we can behave. However this does not appear to mean that structures should be accepted per se but by accepting their existence and realising that they are given meaning through human action and interaction it is possible to work with service users and their families. Frost (2003) illustrates the harsh reality for young people stating that the structural inequalities of class and poverty connect into the emotionally quite brutal lived realities of young people themselves- the power of the pecking order, popularity or unpopularity, and in-group membership or exclusion- via the conspicuous display of expensive consumer goods. For some young people, the friendship groups they form, sub-cultures they belong to, the styles they wear dictates the way in which they present themselves and gain a sense of who they are in society. Being part of the group increases self esteem and resilience, conversely being different in some way may attract adverse reaction and stigmatisation for example a disabled child may be affected by the negative perceptions of being different. According to Howe (2009) social workers in the late 1980s began to feel that the service users with whom they were working were the victims of their own biographical narratives, or their place within the social structure. Service users became service users because they had problems, pathologies or weaknesses and that this defined them in some way. The social worker viewed them as a case which then depersonalised them. By introducing a method of assessment whereby they could look at the strengths of people rather than their pathology and problems it was possible for social workers to recognise the resilience and resourcefulness possessed by many people living in adversity. By being interested in and listening to the service user the social worker could begin to uncover where someones strengths lie. Saleebey (2002) identified some types of questions that can lead to the discovery of strengths; survival questions, exception questions, possibility questions and esteem questions. It may b e difficult to tease out strengths however as many people have had years of self doubt or blame from others to carry around with them however it is on these positive elements however slim the potential for progress lies. It is crucial to the safety of children and young people that social workers can identify risks in a childs environment and remove or reduce such a risk. This may ultimately mean removing the risk from the child or removing the child from the risk which could, depending on the level of risk, involve the child becoming a looked after child. In this case the social worker can work with the child to prevent social isolation by maintaining or re-introducing contact with family members, if appropriate. The social worker should also ensure that a child is able to attach the correct meaning to an outcome, if for example, a looked after child has to move to a new placement the social worker must explain in clear language what has happened and why. Schofield and Beck (2005) studied risk and resilience in children in long term foster care and concluded that specific changes or single events in a childs life such as a new attachment relationship, a change of school, a change of contact arrangem ents or the discovery of a childs particular talent do have the potential to alter the direction significantly for better or worse. Howe et al (1999) state that good quality care giving is the most potent form of self enhancement of children confirming that it is a positive building block on which resilience to build resilience. Therefore the social worker needs to ensure that a childs caregivers are able to provide a secure attachment through their relationships to ensure that self esteem is promoted. Any relationship break-down will impact on the childs self esteem thus reinforcing their belief that they are not loved or lovable. A child needs to experience relationships with their caregivers that promote secure attachments. If a child has had a difficult time they may display behaviour or emotions that are not what is expected or are disproportionate to the situation. Atwool (2006) confirms that attachment theory adds weight to resilience theory by clearly outlining the significance of relationships as the key to all aspects of resilience- culture, community, relationships and individual. A social worker can w ork with the caregivers to explain the childs behaviour using a theoretical framework and their knowledge of the child and their social situation. Contemporary social work can help promote resilience in the vulnerable in society however Ferguson (2009) states the discretion social workers once had has diminished because of the rise of bureaucracy, managerialism and targets. This may impact on the time a social worker is able to devote to those they are trying to help. Furthermore Gilligan (2004) queried whether there is to be stress on valued practice principles, for example focus on strengths in clients or is the emphasis to be on what agency management deem important, for example their latest policy or set of procedures. It is also clear that social workers spend a majority of their time at their desk rather than with service users, as Ince (2010) points out in recent child abuse cases the social workers became victims to the point where they have much more familiarity with the computers they use than the children in need they have responsibility for; however this is an opinion and does not appear to be backed up by research. . In conclusion it is clear that relationships and attachment theory is significant to our understanding of resilience. Social workers who work with families to make sure they take full account of their religion, racial, cultural and linguistic background in their work with them are demonstrating the link between social policy and socially inclusive practice. Psychosocial practices should be carefully though out and tailored to the needs of each service users unique circumstances. Access to social and cultural capital enables children and young people to cope with stressors and adversity and increase resilience. Theories of resilience are useful tools to call upon when dealing with the complex and chaotic lives of children, young people and their families/caregivers. However there is no one skill or theory to fit all but many approaches and skills are required to inform and manage effective contemporary social work practice. 2688 words

Handguns in Households with Children Essay -- essays research papers

Handguns in Households with Children   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guns in America are a problem as bad as the drug problem: 43% of households that have children have handguns in them; 10 children die every day from handguns, approximately one every 2  ½ hours. That is the same of a classroom of children every two days. Parents do not realize that children get the physical capacity to reach and discharge a firearm long before the ability to understand the potential consequences of these actions. Parents who insist on keeping guns in the home should be urged strongly to store their firearms unloaded and locked in a secure place. Actions like these will reduce the probability of children being killed by a firearm. The presence of handguns in households with children frequently leads to fatal accidents, suicides, and murders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The majority of handguns kept in homes are NOT kept safely locked up, simply because people are stupid enough to believe that they need to be able to access that gun as fast as possible in case of emergency. These people keep their guns in bedside drawers, closets, under mattresses. Most of the children who are involved in fatal accidents are older children. In 1999, the most recent year which data are available, 34 children under the age of 5 died in gun accidents. Among children aged 5-9, there were 56 fatal gun accidents; and among children aged 10-14, 146 fatal accidents. For instance, on July 21, 1999, in Lakepark, Florida, a 6-year-old boy fatally shot his 5-year-old brother Corey Andrew Wilson, as the boys played with a shotgun they found under a bed in their grandparent’s bedroom. The best way to reduce gun risks is to remove guns from home. Candamo 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children suicide has truly become a problem of outbreak proportions in America that must be addressed from every direction. As numerous studies have shown, children use guns in roughly two out of every three-suicide attempt, and handguns are used in 70% of these. In 1998 alone, 1200 youth in America committed suicide with a gun, the same of one every seven hours. Children suicide attempts are usually impulsive acts, and the easier it is to carry out. Using a firearm in a suicide attempt drastically increases the likelihood that the attempt will be fatal. Simply having a gun in the home actually increases the chances of suic... ...ban or recall hundreds of products that cause injury or death to very small numbers of children, yet they will not pass laws making guns safer because of the NRA. Maybe people may not be able to fight the NRA on the national level, but there are many cities and states that have already taken one step forward. Such a small number, however, is not enough to convince the politicians that they don’t need the NRA’s money or votes. The children need their help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, despite the guidelines regarding safe firearm storage in homes with children, a study reports less than half of gun-owning parents store their firearms safely. Many parents underestimate the risk of leaving their children in the home with an unlocked and loaded firearm. The gap between awareness and reality is particularly great for gun-owning parents. More gun-owning parents trust their children with a loaded gun and believe that their young child can tell the difference between a toy gun and a real gun. And in many cases they will not be able to tell the difference. So to have handguns in homes around children will sooner or later produce fatal accidents, suicides, and even murders.

Women in Ancient Times: from Matriarchy to Patriarchy Essay examples --

Women in Ancient Times: from Matriarchy to Patriarchy In addition to age, gender is one of the universal dimensions on which status differences are based. Unlike sex, which is a biological concept, gender is a social construct specifying the socially and culturally prescribed roles that men and women are to follow. Women have always had lower status than men, but the extent of the gap between the sexes varies across cultures and time. Images of women, mostly figurines of the same type as the "Venus" of Willendorf*, Lespugue** and Laussel*** (old statuettes representing obese women, women whose wombs and hips are extremely exaggerated) all dating to the Paleolithic period, far outnumber images of men. This has lead to speculation about the place of women in Stone Age society. Some have argued that these female figures denote the existence during this period of a prominent female deity identified usually as the Earth Mother or the Mother Goddess. On the basis of this assumption, it has been suggested that, unlike today, women played a considerably more important, if not dominant, role in Paleolithic society; that possibly a matriarchy existed and women ruled. That means men haven’t always been the leaders; it’s not an inborn quality (as a lot of them suggest)! Johann Bachofen was a 19th Century Swiss archaeologist and classicist who was among the first to recognize the presence of an early matriarchal stage in proto-European cultural evolution. Bachofen used Greek myth to support his arguments. He felt that there were three cultural stages that the early European culture went through. In his view the first stage was a barbaric or hetairistic stage (from the Greek word hetero meaning both) where both or actually neither sex was really in control for there was no control. The strong took advantage of the weak, and there was wide-spread "wanton" sexual activity, uncontrolled by values or morals. Bachofen thought that Aphrodite, Goddess of Love, was the chief deity of this time. The second stage was the matriarchal stage, where women banded together for their own defense. Strong Greek hunter/warrior goddesses such as Artemis and Athena were thought by Bachofen to have come from ancient fragments of memory stemming from this time, as well as the mythic Amazons and Furies. This middle stage saw the development of agriculture, and the rise of... ...e largely unobserved: it was a new kind of union composed of husband and wife, distinctly different form the former clan union of sisters and brothers. The two were in fundamental antagonism to each other. Thus, although marriage was introduced by the mothers within the framework of the maternal clan structure, in the end marriage would undermine the matriarchy.† Therefore womankind gave up its most powerful weapon in maintaining its dominance in a world of â€Å"fatherless† children and brought about itself the torments of patriarchy, by instutionalizing marriage. Unfortunately, unlike the matriarchy, patriarchy has lasted to our present day. Of course there has been major progress since the days of the Roman Empire, now it is illegal to consider women lower then men in any sense (at least in some countries), yet most of us still see the world through the patriarchal curtain that covers our eyes. Bibliography: â€Å"Women out of history: a herstory anthology† by Ann Forfreedom â€Å"The Underside of history† by Elise Boulding â€Å"Woman’s evolution from matriarchal clan to patriarchal family† by Evelyn Reed â€Å"When God Was a Woman† by Merlin Stone http://www.yahoo.com http://www.google.com

Mcdonald’s Expands Globally While Adjusting Its Local Recipe

Overview: Today, McDonald’s golden arches are one of the most recognized symbols in the world, just behind the Olympic rings. While growth within the U. S. has slowed, the picture outside the U. S. has appeared brighter, until recently. However, globally, taste profiles and consumer desires are changing. McDonald’s has responded to these changes by altering their basic products (when necessary) to fit the requirements of the local markets. While not always successful, it has proven to be a winning strategy. )Identify the key elements in McDonald’s global marketing strategy (GMS). In particular, how does McDonald’s approach the issue of standardization? Does McDonald’s think global and act local? Does it also think local and act global? The popularity of American-style hamburgers, fries, and soft drinks is growing around the world. Also, the restaurants themselves offer the consumers a chance to experience for themselves a fast food legend that provi de inexpensive food, quick service, and a clean, familiar environment. Although global dietary preferences are converging (e. . fast food), a solid understanding of food-related cultural preferences is important for companies in the F&B industry. In many locations, menu items are adapted according to the customs and tastes of individual countries. McDonald’s offers an ideal example of â€Å"global localization. † E. g. Chicken Maharaja Mac was created for Indian market; local food ingredients were used in India and China, etc. With McDonald’s offering of local tastes and a combination of American fare, McDonald’s thinks globally (product adaption) and acts globally (standardization). E. g. tyle makeover of the McDonald restaurant at Champs Elysees. 2)Do you think government officials in developing countries such as Russia, China, and India welcome McDonald’s? Do consumers in these countries welcome McDonald’s? Why or why not? Despite concern s by governments and citizens in some countries about â€Å"cultural imperialism,† (e. g. French said McDonald’s â€Å"promote globalization & industrially produced food†), McDonald’s and other franchises with well-known brand names are generally welcome. Such businesses provide both much-needed jobs and employee training.McDonald’s does a good job of earning the support of local authorities and the local population by working with agricultural producers to develop local supply sources for beef, potatoes, and dairy products. And, owing to changing lifestyles around the globe, more people are embracing the whole concept of fast food. 3)The â€Å"Plan to Win† initiative is built around five factors that drive McDonald’s business: people, products, place, price, and promotion. As a student of marketing what can you say about these factors? These five factors closely mirror the four P’s of marketing: product, price, promotion, and place.For a service marketer: people and physical evidence are also added to the mix. For McDonald’s people and physical evidence are also important P’s of marketing. They are realizing the importance of creating a â€Å"modern, streamlined environment† so as to â€Å"encourage customers to stay longer and spend more†. Another thing they may consider is to improve the service quality to help with that. McDonald’s has tried to enrich its product mix by considering â€Å"What does our brand allow us to consider selling to our customers†, instead of being stuck with hamburgers.

Protecting the Environment Essay

Every company should invest in our environment. We live in a time when the environment is in danger, so it is important to protect it. We need a healthy environment in order to survive, so we must protect it. We need to protect the environment now to help prevent health problems, to maintain the ecosystem, and to preserve the Earth for our children. Pollution from factories and cars can cause damage to the environment. It makes the air dirty. Breathing this dirty air causes health problems, particularly for children and the elderly. Pollution not only increases spending on health care, but also decreases working ability. We need to control the amounts of pollution we produce in order to prevent health problems. We also need to pay attention to the ecosystem. Plant life, animal life, and people all depend on each other. An unhealthy environment disturbs this ecosystem. For example, changes in the environments might cause a certain kind of plant to die. If that plant is food for a certain kind of animal, the animal will die too. If people use that animal as food source, there could be big problem. To avoid the big problems, factories should pollute as little as possible and use natural resources rationally. If we do not protect our environment it will continue to get worse and our children will suffer the consequences. The air and water will be dirtier, natural resources will become scarcer, and more plants and animals will die. Our children won’t have as much natural beauty to admire. Even worse, their well-being will be threatened. Without clean air to breathe, a healthy ecosystem, and a future for our children, the human race will not survive. That is why protecting our environment is important. If we have a healthy environment not only the company is going to make a profit but also workers, customers and community.

Corruption of Society Essay

First of all, technologie corrupts society because it does our thinking and increases health problems. According to a New York Times article, the average kid ages 8-18, spends over 7 ? hours a day using technology gadgets which increases the obesity rate, poor grades, impatience, violence and a loss of family interest. Also, cell phones and texting leads to texting and driving which is almost as worse as drinking and driving. You can hurt yourself or people around you while texting and driving. Are generation can’t live without a cell phone, texting or sending emails and this leads to a lack of communication. When somebody can only express their feeling in a text message or an email they are not learning how to communicate with others. Did you also know that technology not only affects our health but it affects our environment too? For example, a normal computer chip takes 600 times its weight in fuel to produce? Bullying has a huge impact on our society! Peer pressure especially because you are forced to do things you don’t want to, you get bad habits and it leads to loss of individual. When somebody is bullied mentally or physically they have depression, anxiety, loss of interest in activities, school and family, shame, fear and low self-esteem. All these side effects of bullying lead’s to suicide. According to the website ‘DoSomething. org’, Approximately 160,000 teens skip school every day because of bullying! Media can also be a cause of corruption of society because if you look at magazines, ads or watch television, commercial or news, beauty is often the subject. People and especially teenagers are influenced by Medias. All girls look at magazines or whatsoever and wishes to look like people on TV or magazines. Thin slim bodies, perfect face, etc. What teenagers don’t realized is that those people are edited by computers from head to toe. Over 5 million American’s have eating disorders caused by false concept of beauty. Another reason why Medias corrupts our society is because of money. In magazines and ads or television it’s all about buying things to have a better life!

Language Development Essay

The role of Language Development and its relationship to problematic behavior is pioneered by Stevenson et al (1985) as cited from Douglas (1989, p. 6-7) Michigan Non Profit Organization (p. 7). The study revealed that children who appears to have poor language capabilities at 3 years of age has a high degree of probability to express â€Å"neurotic behaviors† when he or she turns to 8. In relation with this, the study of Starte 1975 and Richman et al (1982) as cited from Douglas (1989) claims that one of the main reasons for poor language development may have been caused by poor act language stimulation and interaction at the household. As such, children with language disabilities find it hard to relate with people and in the long run develop challenging behaviors. Corollary with this problem is the issue of hearing loss among children in addition to their language delay. Such a disposition as claimed by Douglas has added a lot on the tendency of the child to develop challenging behaviors. What usually happens is that children get frustrated when their parents or other people simply can not understand what they want to happen. The improper functioning of their language capability and hearing has caused for misunderstanding amongst adults. In addition, traumatic brain injuries that resulted from accidents may also cause challenging behavior (Loenthal, 1998 as cited from Michigan Non Profit Organization, 2002, p. 7).

Anth week 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anth week 3 - Essay Example route as that of the contemporary monkey and apes but instead remained in such islands as Madagascar thus acquiring a new ecological niche of which they adapted to accordingly. As concerns the new world monkeys, they mainly come from such groups as marmosets, Cebidae, Atelidae, and Pithecidae. Another classification of the monkey clades are the Catarrhines that consist of the old world monkey and the apes. The old world monkeys in this case include the Colobinae and Cocopithecinae. During the period of evolution, the primates had to make certain adjustments in order to adapt to such factors that enhance their vision, hand use, locomotion, intelligence, the need to care for their young ones in a social manner. Humans fundamentally use evidence to understand the history of evolution. The evidence in question may be biological or historical in nature where in biology the evidence may include genetics and living organisms. On the other hand, historical evidence consists of paleontology, geology, and paleoanthropology. Since the focus of this paper is paleoanthropology, it is necessary to make use of appropriate geological evidence like fossils to unearth the evolutionary history of the primates. Nevertheless, geological preservation processes have simplified the whole procedure of studying the fossil components of the old primates. Although many scholars agree that the world is old, the history and age of the earth is significant in working out the process and history of evolution using fossils. This is because the old earth has a strong connection to the biological evolution. There are of techniques that paleoanthropologists use to date the fossils that they recover through geological means . These methods include Radiocarbon dating, U-Series, Radio-potassium, Uranium-Lead dating, Argon-Argon dating, and the Reference Geo-chronological Timescale. Actually, the history of paleoanthropology is quite vast ranging from the Neanderthal skullcap that paleoanthropologists

The management styles in the case of MULTICO Study

The management styles in the of MULTICO - Case Study Example On the other hand, there is always the choice of changing existed strategies and developing alternative plans, i.e. of introducing changes that can refer to a variety of organizational sectors. In this context, it is noticed that 'change is a constant in modern working life; since change is inevitable, managers must work to give their staff a sense of control over changing situations' (Rosenberg, 1993, 21). Current paper focuses on the changes implemented in Multico, a firm that operates around the world, especially referring to one of the firm's divisions, the 'DrugDiv'. In this division a series of changes was attempted; these changes involved in the replacement of the firm's (division's) IT systems. Appropriate training was offered to the firm's staff however it seems that there were further more issues that should be discussed regarding the specific initiative of the firm's managers. In Multico, management decisions focus on the expansion of the business activity and the increase of the productivity of employees. For this reason, a series of changes has been promoted by the firm's managers in order for the firm's operational standard to be improved - technology is the main tool for the achievement of this target. ... The implementation of the new IT system has been promoted without the employees to be informed in advance on the attempted changes; even after the implementation of the IT system the employees were not asked to state their view regarding the whole scheme. On the other hand, gradually efforts have been made by the firm's management in order to fill this gap. This effort started in December 1995 when each member of the staff was given a new laptop computer and new software in order to communicate more effectively with the other members of the staff. Apart from that, a database was also provided to all firm's employees (one year after, in December 1996) in order to further support the training of the employees on new systems and to improve the communication and the access of employees to valuable data. The above behaviour of the firm's management team could be evaluated using the relevant literature. In accordance with Eoyang et al. (2001, 5) 'many organization change initiatives start at the top and deal strongly with any resistance from system agents that blocks progress; common ways of responding to resistance include downsizing, restructuring, and re-engineering'. On the other hand, Huy (2002, 31) supported that 'fundamental change in personnel, strategy, organizational identity, or established work roles and interests often triggers intense emotions'. In other words, the way that managers in Multico handle the whole project (implementation of changes in the 'DrugDiv' division of the firm) could have led to severe turbulences within the organization. The above assumption is also supported by Coombs et al. (2004, 491) who noticed that 'managers need to understand how aggressive behaviour may signal organizational problems such as stress, resistance to

Catcher in The Rye Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Catcher in The Rye - Coursework Example He is depressed, and he admits it himself several times throughout his narration. Besides the circumstances he got himself into, his brother died, and it had a great impact on Holden. Later, during his school years, he had another encounter with the death, when one of the boys, James Castle, jumped out of the window. However, I do not think Holden is capable of committing suicide. It is not â€Å"phoniness†; it is exaggerated way to express the feeling of depression and utter despair. He is not the type of guys that are so brave. He admits himself that â€Å"I’m one of these very yellow guys. I try not to show it, but I am†¦The more I thought about my †¦yellowness, the more depressed I got.† He would talk suicide, he will consider it, but he will not master up the courage to do it. Also, he does really love his parents and especially his sister Phoebe. He knows his death will make her very sad. He thinks about different things a lot, but he doesnâ€℠¢t do it. For example, he is thinking it would be good to go and say hello to Jane, and he is very excited about it, however he is not â€Å"in the mood† for it. In the other instance, he invites the prostitute, but he feels so peculiar about having sex, that he just talks with her. When thinking about prostitute coming to him, he took care to groom himself, even though he thought he did not have to.

Critical Thinking and Persuasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking and Persuasion - Essay Example The potential market is 2.5 million thus with the proper mechanism the TAMY would be able to ripe big from the proceeds contributed by the market. The market potential means that the firm needs to hire a firm that is aware of the current market events and is experienced in the systems used by TAMY. The firm has experience on major fronts. The firm has the capacity to handle logistically as a section of a firm is mandated to the function. The firm has had experience working with the private sector. This means the firm has the capacity to handle pressure and work based on quality output. The firm’s public relation traits are essential, as they would play an important role in attracting the public back to the Transit Authority of Metropolitan Yorkville (TAMY) services. The firm could be able to handle request from customers hence increase capacity. Their experience in demanding fields such as the campaign could be essential while developing a brand to be recognized by the market. The firm, however, had its shortfalls. The firm lacks experience in the transportation industry. This implies that the firm may fail to deliver according to expectation. The firm’s lack of knowledge in the transportation field would mean DeWitt could fail to identify the potential market while at the same time fail to identify the market adjustments that should be made to ensure the firms revive its previous reputation. DeWitt could worsen the current situation as it may fail to identify the industry’s high season and low seasons. The focus should be how to adjust operations to cater for the high seasons and low season. The firm should not be considered based on their lack of experience in the public transportation industry. The firm has experience in the transportation industry. This is evident in their involvement with other Transit system firms. This is the experienced need to improve the overall performance of TAMY.

Working conditions in Brooks Brothers Coursework

Working conditions in Brooks Brothers - Coursework Example Individual associates put our employees under a lot of pressure to make the required sales volumes during the period of economic recessions. An employee must make approximately 85% of all the net sales thus living no time for personal development. One has to work for a long number of hours with minimum overtime compensation. This is turning to be a problem because seem not to care about all the well being of the employees.  There is also no room for employees to develop professionally. Once employed in a creation sector of the business, either making the clothes or marketing or sales, a person is likely to stagnate in one position for a long time. Upper management does not offer the employees the required support. It is the dream of any employee in any work station to climb up the ladder in the job market. However, this seems not to be an issue in this organization. The amount of time given for breaks is very little. All we do is work and work the more. The healthcare provided is a lso limited. The employees are so busy such work is available even during holidays and all this work is done while one is standing up. Thus, it is very tiresome and the pay is just okay  Moreover, the management sometimes does not show up on time to open the retail stores. But when one is unable to make the required sales, then it proves to be a problem with the top management. Sometimes that required promotion from within is also very slow. One can be made to do something impromptu something that had not even been planned for.