Comparison of Leadership Theories

Comparison of blow overership TheoriesThe establishment of singingship among fol depressive disorderers and draws that directionsing on real potpourris and outcomes that reflects through shared purposes is basic e very last(predicate)y leadinghip. Leadership withal involves in creating change non only in maintaining status quote. A nonher drawing cardship important feature is to bring populate and become them understanding to come together around a parking area vision and to bring change nearly desired future. In m some(prenominal) vistas, the importance of loss leading is vital without it families, communities and as well as organisations would go d cause apart. In other sense, the way of improving force, morale, customer service and setance is the critical aspect of drawing cardship. It is also essential for the organisations to clutches critical situation and lead that in effect and only a slap-up drawing card with devout lead ability shag lead team succes sfully. There are contrasting styles of leadinghip basically it is way the person deals with that in order to stay alive in his or her position. These are authoritarian, democratic and laissez-faire.( convergenceion lineWilliam M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, Jack R. Kapoor,Cengage Learning, 2009 Political Science -p.179)In authoritarian lead style, attraction holds all the world-beater and responsibilities. In this style, employees are assigned to specific depute by the leader and evaluate to get it done orderly.In laissez-faire leading style, leader gives world-beater to employees. There are dickens or much alternative closes taken by leader, employees can choose any of them from there it depends up to them.In democratic lead styles, leader gives more importance on employees and tries to encourage them and shows help to individuals.Historical, unmixed and con passing approach to Leadership speculation Historically there are many leadinghip approaches that colliga te with diverse theories of leadership.Great Man supposition of leadership1900s This is the earliest theories of leadership. At that conviction well-nigh of the researchers believed that leaders are born, not made. In Great Man possibility, describes that the main secrets of a big leader lies in being born great. It gives importance on the study of all the great leaders who were great, may be they are from aristocracy or from the lower classes but they had the opportunities to lead. By run acrossing out those pile who did great things such as Nepolean, Hitler, Curchill if we go further back then Lord Krisna, Gesus and Hazrat Mohammad were very easy to question out them. According to Great Man surmisal, it believes that leaders must pretend whatever qualities akin nigh(a) commanding power, cleverness, secure character, courage, self-possession fierceness and expressiveness that cant be possessed through learning or through particular taught programmes.(Organisational demeanor-by Hawa Singh,1st ed,2009-10,page-263)( Fire Service Leadership Theories and Practices-Mitchell R. Waite, International Association of Fire ChiefsJones Bartlett Learning, 2008 Business Economicspage-3,4)Trait Theories of Leadership1900s-1940 Trait theories are similar to Great Man theories in some ways. It assumes that leaders must possess general signs or personal features that they get by born and common to all and create them better matched to leadership. In Trait possibility of leadership just tried to find characters of well-k without delayn leader that were frequent. This approach was based on the scheme that is individuality and personal intrinsic outlay that distinguish successful leader form everyone else. In 1994, Yukl conducted research on traits and skills and link up to organisational enduringness ( induction to educational leadership organizational deportment speculation into practice,Patti L. Chance, Edward W. Chance,Eye on Education, 2002,page.87 ). These were-Energy and pressure patience ego-possession inner locus of controlEmotional maturityWorthinessSupremacy breathing inReaching orientation convey for affiliationSituational Theories of Leadership(Leadership in Organizations There Is a Difference between Leaders and Managers, David, University Press of America, 2009, p 33)In situational theories of leadership gives more importance on the divers(prenominal) situations interchangeable where the labour to be accomplished, rival surrounded by personalities, power and perceptions. Effectiveness of leadership relies on those situations. These situational theories are also called Contingency theories because this possible action is reliant upon the requirements or the status of the situations.1960s-70 In Contingency/situational conjecture argues-what leaders perform that can be determined by that situations and that behaviors must be related with that environmental situations in hand (Understanding Leadership Perspectives supposititious and Practical Approaches,By Matthew R. Fairholm, Gilbert W. Fairholm,2008,page.11).A level-headed situational leader can only apply different leadership styles with the changing situations. The exceed action taken by the leader depends on of the leader depends on a range of situational factors. How the model works simply to turn over dissolventsIdentification of detailed job and taskAsses present performanceCorresponding leader responseDifferent leadership styles could influence by the across-the-board range of variables depending on the different environmental situations and it creates an affect on leader behaviour, in which leader can function. There are some critical contingencies like organisational volume, conglomerateity in task, maturity of worker and so many others. According to situational guess, situational factors are limited and vary according to that incident and specified behaviour of leader can only work in certain manakin of situations not for all.There are triple most prominent theories of contingency-Path-Goal possible actionFeidlers Contingency possible actionThe Vroom-Yettons modelPath-Goal possible actionIn this theory principally focus on leaders motivational function and it can be enhanced by increase individual payoffs to subordinates for work goal achievement, gain personal satisfaction by escalating opportunities (House, 1971).According to these theories key occupier is that the effectiveness can be measured through the behaviours of different leaders that will be influenced by situational variables. In broader sense it focused on initial arrangement and reflection behaviour of leaders but afterwards it extended in the form of participative and leadership behaviours in terms of achievement oriented (House and Mitchell, 1974).there are ii major assumption on path-Goal theories of leadership-(Leadershipedited by Linda L. Neider, Chester Schriesheim, IAP, 2002, page-116)Firstly, it fixs with the suitab ility of leaders behaviour to the subordinatesSecondly, it associates with the motivational factors of leader (House and Mitchell, 1974).Suitability Leader behaviours study to be suitable for the subordinates so that it dos them to function well with different situation. This good behaviour of leader enhances the overall satisfactions of subordinates.Motivation The role of a leader is important in move of employees for particular task to increase the overall performance.Fiedlers Contingency theoryManaging organizational behaviour Henry, Neal P. Mero, John R. RizzoWiley-Blackwell, 2000 pages.461, 467In 1971, Feidler proposed clarification on that how grouping performance can be affected through the relations of leadership orientation, group setting and job characteristics. Leaders situation can measure though various extents like relationships between leaders and sections, structure of job and position power (Fiedler, 1978).The relationship between leader and member This refe rs to how the leader is liked by the group members. When good relationship exists between leaders and members then all are get luxuriously satisfaction in work and organisations values is achieved through individual values. If the relation is going badly then there is lack of common trust. Another important term group cohesiveness, it is very difficult to make all the employees work together when it low. If it is elevated but bad relation with leader then group works together to harm the organisation as well as leader.Structure of jobs It is categorised in devil ways like high task and low task structure. In high task job structure leader should know what the goal is and how to achieve that. In low task structure job leader must make a decision how to perform task every time to get it done.Position power In high position power leader has authority to take any important decisions without informing anyone to higher organisation aims. In low position power, leader has limited autho rity.The Vroom-Yettons model of leadershipThis model is widely used in the emergence of leadership in corporate centre and also gets enough support from practitioners. (Industrial and organizational psychology linking theory with practiceBy Cary L. Cooper, Edwin A. Locke, page-151,152)The most important aspects of this model is that legitimates both the autocratic and democratic leader behaviour and matching that is suitable in meticulous situations. This model also provides fruitful information about what would be the perfect time of using groups or opposed to personality decision making. This model has some bounds like leaders are always squander to take decision in choosing of leadership styles, it considers each decision in term of situation but it does not depend on previous factor.Cognitive resource theoryCognitive Resource theory is the modification of Feidlers Contingency theory. This theory focused on personality, readiness and situational properties. Cognitive resourc e theory integrates cognitive resources like personal acumen, practical knowledge and skill, job capableness, into real model.Assumptions1) Plans and strategies are communicated through directive behaviour by mangers.2) Experienced and smarter leaders have more priority on decision making rather than less experienced and less smart leader.The main limitation of this theory that it is not well thought-out the ability of leader.The Hersey Blanchard TheoryThis situational theory developed by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard and it focuses on activity and operational environment of the organisation. Their main approach was that following will always get spare from the leader about their willingness to do the job. In this approach leaders have to understand about the followers properly and have to identify their stage of development and according to that apply the leadership style. With taking help from Ohio State studies and develop four leadership styles that is available for manag ers-(Leadership in Organizations There Is a Difference between Leaders and Managers by David I. BertocciUniversity Press of America, 2009 ,pages.39,40)Directing or tellingCoaching or selling active or supportingDelegatingDirecting or telling Job responsibilities is defined by the leader and inform to followers about when to do that and where to do it and how can it be done.Coaching Its a two way communication here leader gives supportive direction to followers and sometimes ask for ideas or suggestion from followers as well.Supporting or participating The leader and follower share in decision accordingly to achieve a maximum values like what will be the best to compete with high worth jobDelegating Followers get little support from the leaders.Implications of this theory one problem is that it does not matter how hard leaders try but they are against to change from one style to another.Behavioural Theories of LeadershipIn this theory in the main focus on behaviour of leaders in the direction of the followers and this became a leading mode of leadership approaching at heart the organisation. Diverse patterns of manners were grouped together and categorized as styles. These activities of counsel through training became very famous. Basically these styles are-Task concern-Here leaders give important on objectives accomplishment through high level productivity, and ways to manage people and activities for achieving those objectives.People concern-Here leaders focus on their followers as people what their inevitably, interests, what their problems, how it can be development and so on. They are not simply units of production or operator to an end.Directive leadership. This style is considered by leaders make decisions for others and desiring all the followers or subordinates will chase that directions.Participative leadership. Here leaders take part in decision-making by sharing among others.(Wright 1996 36-7)http//www.infed.org/leadership/traditional_leader ship.htm, 6.00pm, 27th Aug 10Wright, P. (1996) Managerial Leadership, London Routledge.page-36-37Charismatic LeadershipThis theory is defined by Max Weber and mainly focuses on leaders charismatic characteristics. Through these characteristics leaders influence the followers and they can change anything. It is not possible to access these qualities by ordinary people generally they are extraordinary. They are like sorcerous leaders they got special power to handle complex situations.Transactional Theories(Introduction to educational leadership organizational behavior theory into practice,Patti L. Chance, Chance, 2002,page.94)Ok -Leadership in Organizations There Is a Difference Between Leaders and Managers, David I. Bertocci, University Press of America, 2009, page-48,49This approach of leadership was most popular at that time and this is defined by Gibson, Ivancevich and Donnelly. It has some similar features with situational theories. Its a kind of leadership where leaders find out what the need of followers to achieve organisational performance as a operator of quits. In this theory has several(prenominal) assumptions like it makes people through reward and get penalization for the cause of mistakes, followers know what they have to do according to direction for the purpose of getting rewards. sometimes they use management by exception techniques. The transactional leader sometimes use Path-Goal theory as a framework but leader take all the responsibilities for setting goals, mission for gaining effectiveness.Transformational TheoriesFollowers are make and inspired by the transformation leaders and to achieve results more than desired. This is the most recent theories of leadership. This leadership ability based on different personality factors like charisma, person attention and rational recreation (page-49). Introduction to educational leadership organizational behavior theory into practice-By Patti L. Chance, Edward W. Chance, 2002, page-90, 95Th ere are several effects of transformational leadership defined by Bernard Bass and Bruce Avolio (1994) .These are as follows-Motivating others to involve them in work from bran-new perceptionConsciousness about what the mission of the organisationDeveloping ability of others to achieve performance at exceeds levelInvolved in determining the benefits of the organisations by motivating the beyond their attention as they could have.Theory X and Theory Y of LeadershipIn 1960, Douglus and McGregor describe this leadership theory that the activities of leaders are based on their thinking and considerations about the individuals at work. He also described the behaviour of leaders in two contrasting sets of bliefs.These are theory X and Theory Y.The assumptions of Theory XAverage individual do not like work and avoid if they can exclusive need to keep pushing for achieving desired objectives by directing, controlling and threatening through giving penalisationThis approach can take action sThe assumptions of Theory YPeople will work in their own responsibilities and control according to how they are committed.In common people have some qualities like creative thinking and imaginativenessThe average individuals are not only accepted but font for objectives.Leadership models flowly using in different organisationsNow a day, most of the organisations are focusing on leaders behaviours, skills and attitudes that they must have and it is possible to develop those qualities. There are many leadership theories that have gained acknowledgment in different organisational perspective. These are as follows-Situational leadershipTransformational leadershipBehavioural leadership(The leadership pocketbook, Fiona Elsa moolah 2003, page.09)Qualities of people in leadership positionsThere are three levels of leadership positions in an organisation. These are strategic level, operational level and team level. A good leader should possess some good qualities to handle this positi on effectively and tactfully. These are as follows- tidy characterGood personalityDevotionSelf confidence- this will help them to identify subordinates talent basically that will help the championship to go upGood communication capability- it is very important for any business to run effectively without this it is impossibleGood learner it will help them to developRisk taking abilityProblem solving capabilityRelationships-this qualities need to maintain positive relationship in all areasCreative dispositioned-this qualities help them to bring any change when there is esteem needs in order to sustain in the business for achieving high level of successPositive attitudesServant leadership-decision making ability through considering the opinion attractiveness with business vision by stimulating the followersBraveryInnovativeGood motivation powerLeadership approaches for twenty-first snowhttp//www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-65357214/behavioral-approach-leadership-implications.htm l,753pm,26th Aug 10http//www.strategy-business.com/article/19405?gko=3b347,9.00pm,26th,july2010Main points considering different leading organisations in US for the 21st centuryInternationalization and Change in information Technology though change in organisational mixed bag.Todays most dominant leadership model is situational, transformational leadership model but these theories ignored behavioural approach. Most of the organisations now focusing on main diversity initiatives and it can tackle through behavioural approach of leadership. These diversity initiatives can only be implemented through behavioural approach in todays or tomorrows in the organisations.The main leadership challenges for 21st centurys are forces in market, issues of people and competencies of leadership.Forces in marketThe organizational change at a macroeconomic level is mainly depends on market forces and as a result these forces will require further keep in eye from organizations and leaders. For these p urposes, so these market forces create an impact on behaviours and desires of those in the market either in terms of demanding or supplying a good or service. These forces inhabit of increase in ball-shapedization as well as the formation of more and more more huge multinational organizations through mergers and takeovers.In compared to larger organizations, most industries grow economies of scale by distributing overhead expenses through production of more units. Through globalization organisations is now offering products and services in different countries and cultures, the market size is increasing and they are serving lot. The overall cost of reaching these global is reduced on the cause of technological advancement.Issues of peoplePeople issues involve interaction with the staff of an organization. With the first of the 21st century, these people are involving in conventional full-time. People are now more kindle on part-time jobs. Every year more and more people will be self-employed, temporary or part-time. In United States dependent work force the total number of full time worker is reducing day by In future, staff will have different want and demands on their organizations. Mainly, the organisation will have to focus more on the employee-employer relationship than it did in the twentieth century. With their increased complexity and globalization, organizations are demanding skills and abilities from their leaders that are only beginning to be understood, never mind mastered. One of the most important of these will be the ability to balance employee wants and customer requirements globally and effectively in upcoming years. Talent human capital will be the prime sources of success.Competencies of leadershipIn 21st century world is going to be more competitive, more complex situations. Leaders must have to focus on vision and goals of the organisation. They will have to tackle situations on day-to-day basis, have to identify stakeholders for the purpose of developing people, have to devote in service.Another explanation of competencies will consist of development and communication ability for maintaining it in a dynamic market and stimulating others to buy into it helps in decision making by guiding employees at all levels committing to a culture while aline individual and corporate goals, gaining knowledge about development.Another new leadership approach for 21st century is Cross Enterprise Leadership.Cross Enterprise LeadershipCross-Enterprise Leadership that can generate, capture and distribute worth not only in conjunction but all over the network of companies. Secondly, this enterprise-leadership also meets the challenges of complex and dynamic enterprises. Thirdly, it is not possible to manage enterprise by one leader, so consequently it needs to be distributed. Finally, this approach requires changes to leadership and that must be possessed by conventional business leader.http//www.iveybusinessjournal.com/view_ar ticle.asp?intArticle_ID=629(10.00pm,26th aug10 )The current all the theories mainly focus on physical, mental interactions of human in the organisations but spirituals contains.Spiritual leadershipThis leadership supplies hope and belief in the organizations vision that will generally help followers to look forward to future. In other ways it can be described through the attitudes and behaviour of leaders that generates sense membership. In operational field, spiritual leadership deals with the values, attitudes, and behaviours of leaders that are indispensable to inherently spark off ones self and others.http//www.iispiritualleadership.com/spiritual/theory.php,8.0 pm,27th aug10Comparison Of Leadership TheoriesComparison Of Leadership TheoriesLeadership is the personnel ability which unites power and influence. It means that leadership not only needs power that position given but also needs inner influence that can attract the followers, change their behaviour, inspirit performance and final lead to achieve organizational goals. In the past half century, leadership theory has gone through sots of changes with handle development and improvement of trait theory, behavioral theory, contingency theory and transformational theory(Naylor.J). These four theories have substantial different in definitions However,there is a progressive relationship that means the performance has increased though developing leadership theory. This essay will compare four leadership theories and take mannikins to comprehend clearly.Trait theoryThe trait theory in the earlier time was tend to researched some common characteristics or quality of spectacular leaders. The personal trait of the leader is the key factor of decision effectiveness of leadership.In other word, the leadership efficiency depends on the leaders traits. it has made a standard of leaders traits. therefore, an enterprise s effort could go toward this standard when cultivateleaders.Afterward,the employees will get r easonable development and the enterprise would gain benefit as well.However,as the trait theory ignore the subordinates needs, did not specify the relative importance between all kinds of characteristics , absent of the distinction between cause and effect,and ignoring the situation factors, causes failure in explaining the leadership behavior.Example of Trait theoryAs a manager of a enterprise,Steve Jobs leads apple team beginning with only1300$ of Working capital to a development of Market value with 762 million dollars by the year of 2011.And from a family workshop with two people developed to nearly 50000 employees in the global.The success of Jobs is closely linked with his personal traits.In 1997,when he Became a of import executive of apple company,he made a vital decision which turn the crisis situation that he lessen the types of products from 350types to only 10types. Focus on research and development of 10 types product elaborately ,the company expediency increased wi th high quality of productions.The leadership trait of assertiveness and decisiveness are fully presented though this example,and his intelligence, controlling with crisis can not be ignored as well.2. Behavioural theoryBehavioral theory emphasize the behavior of treating subordinates, it focus on concerning of people and production as well as the cant over of superiors control and subordinates participation. Based preference of concern, it concludes tree main types of leadership which are Autocratic,Democratic and Laissez-faine.(Naylor.J)Contrast with trait theory, behavioral theory marks the leadership transformation that from single study for leaders characters tend to a wider range of leadership research.However,compare with contingency theory,behavioral theory seems less concern about the needs of situation, the influence of culture and the expectations of subordinators which are its dearth of leadership.Example of Behavioural theoryA typical example of Autocratic leadership is STRONG company which is currently the worlds largest sales enterprise of jelly, pudding ,seaweed and other recreational kind of food.it has strict production chain,and concern more about production than staffs.In the workshop, the staffs just need to follow the strict standard during their work, its target is to product high quality and High output of food. Contrast to Autocratic leadership, the Democratic leadership is more friendly, an example is McDonald.Today the McDonald not only is a food industry but also a service industry,leaders need to communicate with staffs to meet their demands then they would work with enthusiasm and satisfaction, thus,gain better profit to company,staffs get more reward as well.3.Contingency theoryAs the insufficient study of Trait theory and Behavioral theory , they have a common defect that ignoring the situational factors leads to disrupt in theory and practicality.Therefore,Contingency theory scholars in the study of the leadership taken situa tional factors into consideration. It though the interaction of personal leaders traits, behavior and work environment to explain the phenomenon of leadership.Contingency theory has the following three researches which are typical 1)Fiedlers contingency theory 2Vroom and Yetton contingency theory,3)Pathgoal theory(Naylor.J). To a great extent, it closes the distance between leadership theory and the actual of leadership as well as meet the actual executives needs to leadership theory. While,there also are sots of situation need to take into the concern ,for example, the ability of leaders influence the subordinates and the role leaders play expected by subordinates.Example of contingency theoryLeaders need to analysis situation elements of the different conditions and adopt different leadership to motivate subordinates, then realize effective management. For example,In the military,leaders have higher power , strict sense of discipline and high morale.The effective leadership is lay er upon layer decree to make subordinate clearly of mission objectives. However, in a cooperative type of organization,using the way of commanding tasks would not work.Another example is Foxconn which is a high and new technology enterprise .Based on large scale of enterprise and hundreds of thousands of workers,it dose not have good interpersonal relations between subordinates and it have to put clearly task structure to different levels in the company, also need strong position power to lead such large number of workers. due to these factors ,Foxconn have a military method and the task-orientated leader would be suitable to lead its workers.4.Transformational leadershipTransformational leadership theory links the role of leader and subordinates, it tries to improve both power and the moral level among leader and subordinates as well. Leaders who own transformational leadership though their behavior model like charisma, inspiration, intellectual arousal and concern about subordin ates to optimize members interaction of organization, then achieve their target and expectations. Therefore, transformational theory emphasize that leaders concern about individual demand levels and inspire work motivation of members to make maximum benefit. Since this theory attaches great importance to the human factor of management,however, human is a complex research object that means there are a lot of things worth our further to study.Example of Transformational leadershipTransforming the role of leader and subordinates is a characteristic of transformational leadership that means leaders fully know their subordinates demands also though inspiration to obtain high expectation. McDonalds is one of the biggest and the most famous fast food groups its success is closely linked with perfect human resource management, before managers choosing inspiring method, leadership style, they set up the humanist management idea and fully understand the difference between the employees demand s to give full play to the initiative ,enthusiasm and creativity.Afterwards,subordinates would heart individual consideration and satisfaction with their works.eventually,McDonald would gain the benefit though its leadership.ConclusionBased on in a higher place all analysis and comparison of leadership theory, it is clearly that leadership theory has been boosted a lot from the tait theory to the latest transformational theory with the development in the past half centaury. From Trait theory which just focus on researching leaders characteristics, turn to behavioral theory which tend to concern the influence of leaders behavior to their subordinates,while the contingency theory take the factor of different situations into leadership research that fill the gap of trait theory and behavioral theory,However, transformational theory is more comprehensive and flexible than other three theories.However, refer to quicksilver(prenominal) situations, leaders should choose appropriate theo ry to manage their subordinates. Moreover, the research of leadership is not stop, to be more systematic is the research direction in the future.